Corporate Manslaughter Act 2007

The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 (2007 c. 19) is an Act of Parliament that seeks to broaden the law on corporate manslaughter in the United Kingdom. The Act creates a new offence respectively named corporate manslaughter, in England and Wales and Northern Ireland, and corporate homicide in Scotland.

The Act received the royal assent on 26 July 2007 and comes into force on 6 April 2008.

In English law, a corporation is a juristic person and is capable of committing, and being convicted of and sentenced for, a criminal offence. However, some conceptual difficulty lies in fixing a corporation with the appropriate mens rea.

Before the Act, a corporation could only be convicted of manslaughter if a single employee of the company committed all the elements of the offence and was of sufficient seniority to be seen as embodying the "mind" of the corporation. The practical consequence of this was that such convictions were rare and there was public discontent where it was perceived that culpable corporations had escaped censure and publishment.

The Offence

An indictable offence is committed if the way in which an organisation's activities are managed or organised:

Causes a person's death; and
Amounts to a gross breach of a relevant duty of care owed by the organisation to the deceased and the way in which its activities are managed or organised by its senior management is a substantial element in the breach.Prosecution in England or Wales requires the permission of the Director of Public Prosecutions, and in Northern Ireland, the Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland and no natural person can be charged with aiding and abetting the offence.

The common law offence of gross negligence manslaughter, as it applies to corporations, is abolished.

Organisations liable
The offence applies to:

Corporations

Various, but not all, government departments;
Police forces;
Partnerships,
trade unions and employers' associations, that are themselves employers.
Relevant duty of care
A relevant duty of care is one of several duties of care owed by the organisation under the law of negligence and is a question of law for the judge.[16] Various government policy decisions; policing, military and child protection activities; and emergency responses are excluded.

Gross Breach

A breach of a duty of care by an organisation is a gross breach if the alleged conduct amounts to a breach of that duty that falls far below what can reasonably be expected of the organisation in the circumstances.] The jury must consider whether the evidence shows that the organisation failed to comply with any health and safety legislation that relates to the alleged breach, and if so:

How serious that failure was; and
How much of a risk of death it posed.

The jury may also:

Consider the extent to which the evidence shows that there were attitudes, policies, systems or accepted practices within the organisation that were likely to have encouraged the failure, or to have produced tolerance of it; and
Have regard to any health and safety guidance that relates to the alleged breach.

Senior Management

Senior management means the persons who play significant roles in:
The making of decisions about how the whole or a substantial part of its activities are to be managed or organised; or
The actual managing or organising of the whole or a substantial part of those activities.

Penalties

On conviction a corporation may be ordered to remedy any breach, or to publicise its failures, or be given an unlimited.

References

1. ^ a b Understanding the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 (pdf). Ministry of Justice.
2. ^ Interpretation Act 1978, s.5
3. ^ a b Herring (2004) p.720
4. ^ Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v. Nattrass [1972] AC 153
5. ^ Attorney General's Reference (No.2 of 1999) [2000] QB 796, CA
6. ^ History of passage through Parliament. Parliament of the UK (2007).